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1. What health effects can manganese cause?

Exposure to high concentrations of manganese over the course of years has been associated with toxicity to the nervous system, producing a syndrome that resembles Parkinsonism. This type of effect may be more likely to occur in the elderly. The new manganese action level is set low enough to ensure that the potential nervous system effect will not occur, even in those who may be more sensitive. Manganese is unlikely to produce other types of toxicity such as cancer or reproductive damage.

2. Is manganese of particular concern for young children?

Yes, and especially so for bottle-fed infants. Certain baby formulas contain manganese, and if prepared with water that also contains manganese, the infant may get a higher dose than the rest of the family. In addition, young children appear to absorb more manganese than older age groups but excrete less. This adds up to a greater potential for exposure in the very young. Since manganese's effects on the developing nervous system have not been adequately studied, it is especially prudent for pregnant women and young children to have drinking water that is below the manganese action level.

3. How do I know if I have manganese in my water?

You may suspect that manganese is in your water if the water is discolored (brownish-red), causes staining of plumbing fixtures (faucets, sinks) or clothing, or has an off-taste or odor. If this is the case, you should have your water tested by a state-certified laboratory for manganese. When you get the results, you should contact your local health department to help you interpret the results.